Since modern humans emigrated from Africa, we have experienced dramatic climate shifts, from intense warming during the Last Interglacial to deep freezes like the Last Glacial Maximum and the Little Ice Age. These transitions shaped migration routes, enabled ocean crossings, and pushed people to adapt by relocating, innovating, or retreating into refuges. But unlike the gradual changes of the past, today’s warming is faster and human-driven, threatening the limits of our adap