As the world’s oceans absorb over 90% of excess heat from greenhouse gas emissions, rising sea temperatures are driving major changes in marine ecosystems. We predict that both sperm and blue whales will shift their range southward around New Zealand by 2100, especially under more severe climate scenarios. This mouvement threatens key foraging grounds like Kaikōura and South Taranaki Bight. Protecting emerging southern habitats could offer future sanctuaries for these vital o

The Medieval Warm Period (750 and 1350 AD) was a regional climate event driven by natural factors such as solar radiation and volcanic activity, not greenhouse gases. While some areas like Europe and parts of Australasia experienced warmer temperatures, others remained cooler. This warming helped some human societies thrive but caused drought and collapse elsewhere. Unlike today's globally consistent and human-driven climate change, the Medieval Warm Period was uneven and nat